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This bumblebee covered in pollen relies in part on the bacteria residing in its gut.¹

Floral pollen and nectar can naturally contain hydrogen peroxide, heavy metals, and pesticides — meaning every foraging trip may involve chemical exposure. Bumblebees carry a small, consistent community of gut bacteria that can influence how they respond to these stressors. When exposures are high, the gut microbiome can be disrupted, which is associated with declines in bee health.
The bacteria ( or these microbial partners) may help the bee tolerate the challenges of foraging.

📸: @quiet.macro

This bumblebee covered in pollen relies in part on the bacteria residing in its gut.¹

Floral pollen and nectar can naturally contain hydrogen peroxide, heavy metals, and pesticides — meaning every foraging trip may involve chemical exposure. Bumblebees carry a small, consistent community of gut bacteria that can influence how they respond to these stressors. When exposures are high, the gut microbiome can be disrupted, which is associated with declines in bee health.
The bacteria ( or these microbial partners) may help the bee tolerate the challenges of foraging.

📸: @quiet.macro

This bumblebee covered in pollen relies in part on the bacteria residing in its gut.¹

Floral pollen and nectar can naturally contain hydrogen peroxide, heavy metals, and pesticides — meaning every foraging trip may involve chemical exposure. Bumblebees carry a small, consistent community of gut bacteria that can influence how they respond to these stressors. When exposures are high, the gut microbiome can be disrupted, which is associated with declines in bee health.
The bacteria ( or these microbial partners) may help the bee tolerate the challenges of foraging.

📸: @quiet.macro

Beneath the purple lupine blooms in this meadow, bacteria are turning nitrogen gas into plant food.¹

Inside tiny nodules on lupine roots, bacteria do something no plant can do alone—pull nitrogen from the air and convert it into a usable nutrient. They go further still, helping plants access phosphorus that would otherwise remain trapped and inaccessible in the soil. Nitrogen and phosphorus are the two nutrients most likely to limit plant growth and together, these microbial partnerships help supply both.
The wildflowers surrounding the lupine may be growing in soil the lupine's microbes helped shape.

📸: @melisssabaliton

Monarch butterflies go into metamorphosis as one creature and emerge with a dramatically different microbiome.¹

As monarch caterpillars eat their way through milkweed, their gut bacteria shift during larval development. Then, inside the chrysalis, the microbial community is reshaped. The adult butterfly that emerges carries a gut community markedly different from their caterpillar stage.
Every butterfly in this tree crossed 3,000 miles to a mountain in Michoacán, Mexico it had never seen—each one carrying a newly shaped microbiome for the journey.

📸: @hobopeeba

Grunion fish sync their reproductive behaviors with the 29.5-day circalunar cycle.¹²
They come on land to spawn on nights of the full moon and new moon, when the tides are highest, in order to give their eggs two weeks to incubate in the sand before the next tide comes in.¹ The same lunar phases that trigger tidal spawning also continually reshape microbial activity on tidal sands, influencing the nutrient environment where these eggs develop and prepare to hatch.³

📸: @spencerwelling

Grunion fish sync their reproductive behaviors with the 29.5-day circalunar cycle.¹²
They come on land to spawn on nights of the full moon and new moon, when the tides are highest, in order to give their eggs two weeks to incubate in the sand before the next tide comes in.¹ The same lunar phases that trigger tidal spawning also continually reshape microbial activity on tidal sands, influencing the nutrient environment where these eggs develop and prepare to hatch.³

📸: @spencerwelling

Grunion fish sync their reproductive behaviors with the 29.5-day circalunar cycle.¹²
They come on land to spawn on nights of the full moon and new moon, when the tides are highest, in order to give their eggs two weeks to incubate in the sand before the next tide comes in.¹ The same lunar phases that trigger tidal spawning also continually reshape microbial activity on tidal sands, influencing the nutrient environment where these eggs develop and prepare to hatch.³

📸: @spencerwelling

Lava leaves the ground at over 2,000°F—and bacteria are on it within hours of it cooling.¹
Carried by wind and deposited from the atmosphere, the first microbes land on rock that has never hosted life. With almost no organic matter and little water, they build from minimal resources—using carbon and nitrogen from the atmosphere, slowly making the rock habitable for everything that comes after. When winter arrives, the microbial community shifts dramatically, then stabilizes into a pattern so consistent it repeats across three separate eruptions at the same Icelandic volcano.
This is how ecosystems begin—from microbes shaping what comes next.

📸: @kevinpages_

The red rock of Kazakhstan's Mangystau desert gets its color from iron oxides that coat the sand grains. The pale streaks running through it reflect bacterial activity that has altered the rock.¹
Deep within the rock, iron-reducing bacteria can dissolve those coatings away, leaving bleached halos in otherwise rust-red rock. The contrast is a byproduct of microbial metabolism. These microbial signatures are now studied as clues for signs of e life on Mars, where rovers have photographed strikingly similar iron-rich formations.

📸: @nick_mge

Microbes predate plants by roughly 1-2 billion years and animals by 3 billion.¹,²

If their existence spanned a full day, humans would arrive only in the final seconds.³

They are the earliest photosynthesizers, the ancestors of mitochondria, and fundamental to life on Earth.⁴,⁵,⁶

Their lineage has endured glacial periods, asteroid impacts, and massive volcanic eruptions—evolving, adapting, and persisting through it all.

Today, like every day, we sit in gratitude for these wise elders. And we look to them for solutions to the challenges of this moment, and the ones still to come.

Happy Earth Day 🌎

This brown bear cub in coastal Alaska is inheriting a rich and dynamicmicrobial landscape.¹

Gut bacteria in brown bears here can be as varied as the landscape itself—salmon, sedge, berries, clams are each associated with different microbes, and different functional capabilities in the bear’s gut. The more varied the diet, the more diverse the microbiome, helping the gut adapt to whatever the land offers next.
This cub is just starting to eat solid food. Every new bite exposes it to new microbes.

📸: @brookelittlebear

Rice terraces like these are shaped as much by microbial life as by human hands. When paddies flood, the soil becomes oxygen-poor—triggering microbial communities that decompose organic material and recycle nutrients into forms rice plants can absorb.¹ Those same conditions also produce methane, linking every flooded field to the global carbon cycle.²

The microbes in soil are constantly breaking down and building up plant matter. In the process, these invisible engineers support the systems that produce 98.8% of the calories that humans consume.³

Image by @nilrandhafonseka

A Dalmatian pelican, Pelecanus crispus, glides over Lake Mikri Prespa in northern Greece, where more than 1,400 breeding pairs gather each spring in the largest colony of this species on Earth.

The bird is built almost entirely from microbes it will never see. The fish in its pouch ultimately depend on a microbial food web: zooplankton graze on tiny single-celled protists, which in turn feed on picocyanobacteria—single-celled cyanobacteria about a micron across that photosynthesize at the sunlit top of the lake, turning carbon dioxide and light into food. In a long-term study of a large freshwater lake, researchers traced this pathway and found that picocyanobacteria supply ~83% of the carbon their protist grazers take in, highlighting their central role in fueling pelagic food webs.¹ Take them out and everything above them—the protists, the zooplankton, the fish, the bird—begins to come apart.

Video by @seanweekly

The Desert Poppies of California spend most of the year underground, dormant. It's only when enough rain falls that the annual wildflowers emerge en masse, painting the landscape in color before dying back in summer's heat.¹

The fleeting spectacle attracts visitors of all kinds—honeybees scouting pollen, deer foraging for food, and microbes colonizing the petals and leaves. This community of plant and microbes forms a holobiont, where the microbial partners help their host acquire nutrients, fend off pathogens, and tolerate the extremes of an arid climate.²,³ Even in the most ephemeral conditions, life finds a way to endure together.

📸: @waterproject

Video by @michaelgeorge Crown shyness is one of many adaptations that allow trees to coexist in communities. Certain species leave gaps when growing next to each other; a behavior scientists believe may be a way to ensure they both have access to sunlight and resources.¹,²

The same trees giving each other room up above may be linked underground. Fungal pathways in forest soil transfer resources like carbon, nitrogen, and water between tree roots—an exchange made possible by microbes. ³,⁴